There have been recent studies suggesting an association between testosterone replacement and increased cardiovascular risk. Previous published research had not shown any correlation and critics of the new studies find major design flaws. For those of us who see good results with testosterone replacement in men and women who have diagnosed deficiency a new study has found good safety. The research was presented at the most recent American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) 23rd Annual Scientific and Clinical Congress. It included data from 40 specialized clinics (with doctors who have more experience in the proper use and monitoring of men with testosterone therapy) from around the United States. Their analysis found testosterone therapy in men was not associated with an increased risk for heart attack or stroke and may even be cardioprotective! Researchers analyzed data of almost 20,000 men who received testosterone therapy for 5 years (2009-2014). They found the “risk for a heart attack was 7-fold lower and the risk for stroke 9 times lower compared with samples from the general population. Further, there was no evidence of worsening of preexisting MI or stroke in patients treated with testosterone”. Some of the important differences in this study compared to the recent negative studies was that the patients received regular follow-ups, had longer testosterone treatment, and achieved better blood levels with an average total testosterone of 543 ng/dL compared to the earlier negative JAMA study I mentioned earlier where the average blood total testosterone was 332.2 ng/dL.